This study used the tiger-striped tank bromeliad (Neoregelia ‘Tiger Cub’) as experimental material to investigate its physiological responses and adaptive mechanisms under acid rain and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastic exposure. The results showed that trichomes on both the upper and lower epidermis of the inner leaves were more developed than those on the outer leaves, and the absorptive function of the leaf base was correlated with the hydrostatic pressure gradient between leaf whorls. Using peroxidase (POD) activity as an indicator of antioxidant response, POD activity was higher in the outer leaves and leaf bases than in the inner leaves and leaf tips; acid rain temporarily enhanced but later suppressed the activity, while PVC microplastics caused a more pronounced and persistent inhibition. Image analysis revealed that microplastics could enter leaf tissues through the central tank, inducing oxidative stress. Changes in the pH and electrical conductivity of the tank water suggested that the plant may regulate nutrient uptake via proton pumps (H⁺-ATPase) and trichome-mediated absorption. Although PVC microplastics induced greater long-term oxidative stress, Neoregelia ‘Tiger Cub’ exhibited ion regulation and antioxidant adaptation strategies, indicating the potential of its tank structure for biomimetic applications in aquatic microplastic filtration systems.