Solar power generation has emerged as a promising technology due to its green and renewable energy nature. However, traditional device fabrication processes are often complicated, time-consuming, and costly, limiting large-scale implementation. This study proposes an innovative solar thermal generator—the Carbon Black Thermal-Electric Generator (CBTEG)—which efficiently converts solar energy into thermal energy and then into electricity. The device is suitable for real-time outdoor solar charging applications. The designed solar absorber layer utilizes cost-effective carbon black ink derived from waste tire carbon black powder. This ink is directly coated onto aluminum plates to enhance thermal conductivity and then mounted on the hot side of commercial thermoelectric modules, offering a simple and scalable fabrication approach. Research results indicate that under a solar irradiance of 11,810 Lux, the carbon black ink improved solar heating performance by 1.5 times compared to the control, reaching 63°C within 200 seconds. When the temperature difference between the hot and cold ends is 23°C, the CBTEG generates a voltage of 103 mV, a current of 23.3 mA, and a power output of 2.4 mW. The CBTEG is also applicable for waste-heat energy harvesting, generating 14 mW at a temperature difference of 25.7°C during simulated experiments. Future applications may involve connecting multiple CBTEG units in series to enhance thermal-to-electric energy conversion efficiency.